Will artificial intelligence outperform clinical judgement in the near future?

Professor Bhidayasiri highlighted how artificial intelligence (AI) is improving neurologic practice and patient outcomes. Professor Goetz counterargued that it has never been about AI versus human abilities, and that AI and humans are most potent when they cooperate. AI cannot mimic a physician’s empathy and neurologists will always be needed to refine digital and deep phenotyping for Parkinson’s disease (PD), he said.

AI and humans are most potent when they cooperate

The majority of voters—52% of 430 (and as it turned out, also Professor Bhidayasiri), agreed with Professor Goetz, whereas 25% voters agreed with Professor Bhidayasiri, and 24% voted for a tie.

AI can improve diagnostic accuracy

Defending the motion

The process from first seeing a patient to validating a diagnosis of PD can be depicted as a funnel, explained Professor Bhidayasiri, with:

• a wide initial reasoning process, which benefits from clinical judgment rather than AI
• narrowing of diagnostic possibilities
• further narrowing to validation of the diagnosis—at this point, AI has the potential to outperform the neurologist¹

AI cannot replace a neurologist’s empathy

The diagnostic accuracy of a PD diagnosis of 82.7% has not significantly improved over the past 25 years,² he noted, but AI can improve diagnostic accuracy, for example:

• a risk algorithm can identify individuals at increased risk of a future diagnosis of PD ³
• a finger sensor can discriminate between the tremor of PD and essential tremor⁴
• smartphone videos of finger tapping can quantify PD bradykinesia⁵
• digital phenotyping of voice can reveal early PD⁶
• a variety of machine learning algorithms can provide critical upper and lower limb data and gait⁷

Mobile health technologies will play an increasing role in future neurologic practice for patients with PD, said Professor Bhidayasiri, and the MDS Task Force on Technology has developed a roadmap for their implementation.⁸

Opposing the motion

AI cannot replace the non-linear working methods used by neurologists

AI provides many opportunities for improving the management of patients with PD, agreed Professor Goetz. For example, machine learning approaches providing an objective assessment of freezing of gait,⁹ an objective severity score from smartphone sensor data,¹⁰ and automatic detection of dyskinesias.¹¹

However, AI cannot replace the empathy, clinical judgement, and non-linear working methods used by neurologists to improve outcomes for their patients.

It has never been about AI or humans, he concluded. Competent professionals will always be needed to interpret and refine AI, and AI and humans are most potent when they cooperate.