Does your patient have immunometabolic major depressive disorder?

Major depressive disorder is heterogeneous

Insomnia and hypersomnia are both symptoms of major depressive disorder

Many symptoms contribute to the concept of MDD, said Professor Brenda Penninx, Amsterdam UMC, Netherlands, with 257 symptom combinations leading to a diagnosis of MDD.¹ Some symptoms are even in opposite directions, for example insomnia and hypersomnia.

The heterogeneity of MDD is highlighted by differing responses to antidepressants.² Antidepressants are effective, said Professor Penninx, but not for everyone. Finding the best treatment for a patient can be a process of trial and error.

Three major patient subtypes can be identified

The atypical subtype is characterized by increased appetite and weight, low energy, hypersomnia and leaden paralysis

A data-driven analysis of the symptoms of over 818 people with mild-to-severe recurrent MDD has revealed three different MDD subtypes of patient,³ said Professor Penninx.

The three subtypes were identified among patients enrolled in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety study, for which Professor Penninx is the principal investigator and scientific director. They are:

• Severely depressed patients who experience loss of appetite and weight, insomnia and suicidal thoughts, ie, typical MDD (∼50% of patients)
• Equally severely depressed patients who in contrast experience increased appetite and weight, low energy, hypersomnia and leaden paralysis ie, atypical MDD (∼25% of patients)
• Moderately depressed patients with a lower severity of the majority of symptoms (∼25% of patients)³

Typical vs atypical major depressive disorder

Typical and atypical MDD subtypes have different pathophysiologic and genetic associations

The typical and atypical MDD subtypes are not only characterised by differing symptomatology but also by differing correlates, course of illness, and pathophysiologic and genetic associations,³ said Professor Penninx.

Patients with the typical subtype were more likely to:

• Smoke³
• Experience early and later life trauma³
• Display more persistent anxiety and thoughts of suicidality over time⁴
• Have higher cortisol levels indicating hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis⁵
• Overlap with mental disorder-linked genes⁶

Patients with the atypical subtype were more often female³ and were more likely to have:

• An earlier onset of symptoms³
• Display a poor metabolic profile at baseline and follow-up⁴
• Have immunoinflammatory and metabolic dysregulation, and leptin and insulin resistance^4,5
• Overlap with obesity and metabolic dysregulation genes⁶

Atypical MD has been designated immunometabolic MDD

To reflect its immunoinflammatory and metabolic characteristics, the atypical subtype has been designated immunometabolic MDD.⁷

The differing characteristics of typical and immunometabolic MDD suggest differences in their underlying etiology, said Professor Penninx.

Implications of the immunometabolic subtype for personalized treatment

Immunometabolic MDD appears to be linked to metabolic and somatic conditions indicative of a shift in energy balance from expenditure to accumulation,⁴ said Professor Penninx. It therefore forms an appropriate starting point for evaluation of personalized treatment strategies.